Suchergebnisse

Between 1969 and 1997, according to U.S. Census Bureau surveys of minority-owned businesses, the number of Cuban-owned firms in the United States increased from 4,237 to 125,182, or by a factor of 30. In 1997, 24 percent of Cuban-owned firms had paid employees. These firms employed 176,000 workers and accounted for 90 percent of the $26.5 billion in sales and receipts generated by all Cuban-owned firms. Cuban-owned firms could be found in every major industry group and in every state of the Union, though they were heavily concentrated in services, retail trade, construction, and finance. Several factors can be posited to be responsible for the growth of Cuban-owned firms. Among these are the growth of the Cuban American population, U.S. government policies designed to facilitate the increase of firms owned by women and ethnic minorities, and the overall prosperity of the 1990s. An equally important factor appears to have been the rapid increase in the size of the Hispanic population, particularly since the 1980s. When faced with an expanded pool of recent Spanish-speaking immigrants, Cuban American entrepreneurs capitalized in their ability to conduct business in that language, their legal status, and their familiarity with the American labor and business markets, thus acting as a middleman minority for their compatriots and also for new Latin American immigrants. Finally, self-employment may also be implicated in high business ownership rates since Cuban American households are known to maximize income streams through high rates of labor force participation. (Cuban Stud/DÜI)

Between 1969 and 1997, according to U.S. Census Bureau surveys of minority-owned
businesses, the number of Cuban-owned firms in the United States increased from 4,237 to 125,182, or by a factor of 30. In 1997, 24 percent of Cuban-owned firms had paid employees. These firms employed 176,000 workers and accounted for 90 percent of the $26.5 billion in sales and receipts generated by all Cuban-owned firms. Cuban-owned firms could be found in every major industry group and in every state of the Union, though they were heavily concentrated in services, retail trade, construction, and finance.


Several factors can be posited to be responsible for the growth of Cuban-owned firms. Among these are the growth of the Cuban American population, U.S. government policies designed to facilitate the increase of firms owned by women and ethnic minorities, and the overall prosperity of the 1990s. An equally important factor appears to have been the rapid increase in the size of the Hispanic population, particularly since the
1980s. When faced with an expanded pool of recent Spanish-speaking immigrants,
Cuban American entrepreneurs capitalized in their ability to conduct business in that language, their legal status, and their familiarity with the American labor and business markets, thus acting as a middleman minority for their compatriots and also for new Latin American immigrants. Finally, self-employment may also be implicated in high business ownership rates since Cuban American households are known to maximize income streams through high rates of labor force participation.


Entre 1969 y 1997, de acuerdo a datos sobre negocios minoritarios suministrados por el Buró del Censo de los Estados Unidos, el número de empresas comerciales cubanoamericanas aumentó de 4,237 a 125,182, o unas treinta veces. El 24 por ciento de estas empresas en 1997 contaba con 176,000 trabajadores en su nómina y era responsable por el 90 por ciento de los $26.5 mil millones en ventas y recibos generados por todas las empresas cubano-americanas. Estas firmas están representadas en los 50 estados y en todas las grandes categorías industriales, con una alta concentración en las ramas de servicios, ventas al detalle, construcción y finanzas.


Puede postularse que varios factores han sido responsables por el crecimiento de los negocios cubano-americanos. Entre ellos se cuentan el aumento de la población cubano-americana, políticas gubernamentales dirigidas a facilitar el establecimiento de empresas comerciales por mujeres y minorías étnicas, y la prosperidad de los años noventa. De igual importancia parece haber sido el rápido crecimiento de la población hispana, particularmente desde la década de 1980. De cara a un aumento muy apreciable
en el número de inmigrantes que hablan español, empresarios cubano-americanos se aprovecharon de su habilidad para realizar negocios en ese idioma, su condición legal y su familiaridad con mercados laborales y comerciales, para actuar como intermediarios minoritarios con sus compatriotas, así como con otros inmigrantes latinoamericanos. Finalmente, el hecho de que en esta comunidad el autoempleo empresarial es muy frecuente, puede que también esté relacionado a que en los hogares cubano-americanos esté arraigada la costumbre de maximizar los ingresos de la familia recurriendo a altas tasas de actividad laboral en sus miembros.

Cuba will eventually begin a transition into a market economy & a more open political system. As the process unfolds, the US should maintain a prudent political distance while respecting Cuba's sovereignty. The US, other bilateral donors, & the international lending institutions will have a major role to play by assisting with the implementation of short- & long-term initiatives to reconstruct the country's political & economic institutions & breathe life into the economy. These include technical assistance & financing for reforms in several priority sectors. Human & financial resources of the emigre community & foreign direct investments will also be important components of the country's transition strategy. Adapted from the source document.

Para sobrellevar la crisis economica y reducir su impacto sobre los trabajadores, el gobierno ha dictado varias resoluciones que facilitan el multioficio y transfieren trabajadores de areas urbanas a rurales y a sectores de alta prioridad, como el turismo. Tambien estan bajo consideracion medidas que permitirian expandir el trabajo personal por cuenta propia. Dado el alto nivel de educacion de los trabajadores cubanos, cabe preguntarse si estas medidas podrian resolver los problemas de los obreros excedentes. La mayoria de los trabajadores cubanos aspiran a ocupaciones tecnicas y profesionales, y no a las que ofrece el plan economico de emergencia. (Cuban Studies/DÜI)

Untersuchung der sozio-ökonomischen Determinanten der binnen- und zwischenstaatlichen Migration in Lateinamerika unter Berücksichtigung von Problemen der Bodenverteilung, der Modernisierung des Agrarsektors, der Neulanderschließung und des Lohngefälles. Übersicht über die Grundzüge der Ein- und Auswanderungspolitik und über die Folgen der Migrationsströme für die betroffenen Staaten